The Most Common Health Issues in Cats and How to Prevent Them

Cats are among the world’s most adored pets, admired for their independence, elegance, and affection. But like any companion animal, they are susceptible to a range of health problems that can affect their happiness and longevity. Understanding the most frequent feline health concerns — and how to prevent them — is key to ensuring your cat lives a long, comfortable, and healthy life.

This guide explores the most common health problems faced by cats, backed by research and expert insights. Whether you’re a new cat owner or an experienced feline enthusiast, these tips will help you protect your cat’s well-being and catch potential issues early.

1. Obesity: A Growing Health Concern

Cat obesity has become increasingly common, affecting roughly 30–35% of cats in North America, with similar trends reported in the UK. In 2019, around 11.6% of domestic cats in the UK were diagnosed as obese.

Veterinarian Dr. Sarah Elliott warns, “Obesity in cats can trigger serious conditions like diabetes, arthritis, and heart disease. Regular weight checks and a controlled diet are essential to keeping cats healthy.”

How to Prevent It:

Feed a measured, species-appropriate diet and limit high-calorie treats.
Encourage activity through daily play with interactive toys.
Have your vet monitor your cat’s weight during annual check-ups.

2. Dental and Gum Disease

Dental issues are one of the most overlooked yet widespread problems in cats. Around 15% of UK cats suffer from periodontal disease, which can cause pain, tooth loss, and infections that spread to major organs.

“Cats rarely show dental pain until it’s advanced,” explains feline specialist Dr. Emily King. “Regular oral exams are crucial for prevention.”

How to Prevent It:

Brush your cat’s teeth using cat-safe toothpaste and a soft brush.
Provide dental treats or toys that help clean teeth.
Schedule routine dental cleanings with your vet.

3. Flea Infestations

Fleas are among the most persistent and irritating parasites that affect cats — especially those that spend time outdoors. Their bites can cause intense itching, allergic reactions, or even infections from excessive scratching. Fleas can also transmit parasites like tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum).

How to Prevent It:

Apply vet-approved flea treatments consistently.
Wash bedding and vacuum frequently to eliminate flea eggs.
Use a fine-tooth flea comb to check for signs of infestation regularly.

4. Overgrown or Ingrown Nails

Cats that are less active — especially senior cats — may struggle to keep their claws naturally trimmed. When claws grow too long, they can curl into the paw pads, causing pain, swelling, and infection. Severe cases may even affect mobility.

How to Prevent It:

Trim your cat’s nails every few weeks using proper cat nail clippers.
Offer scratching posts to help them naturally wear down nails.
If you’re unsure about trimming, ask your vet or groomer to show you how.

5. Upper Respiratory Infections (URIs)

URIs are common, particularly in multi-cat households or shelters, where close contact and stress make transmission easier. Similar to the human cold, these infections can cause sneezing, nasal discharge, coughing, and lethargy — and can lead to complications if untreated.

How to Prevent It:

Ensure your cat’s vaccinations are up to date.
Keep their living space clean, ventilated, and low-stress.
Minimize exposure to unfamiliar or sick cats.

6. Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the leading health problems in older cats. It develops gradually, often going unnoticed until it’s advanced. Signs include increased thirst, frequent urination, loss of weight, and poor appetite.

“CKD can’t be cured, but early diagnosis and dietary adjustments can slow its progression and improve quality of life,” says veterinary nephrologist Dr. James Porter.

How to Prevent It:

Encourage hydration by providing fresh water daily or using a fountain.
Schedule annual blood and urine tests, especially for senior cats.
Feed a kidney-supportive diet if your vet recommends it.

7. Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes in cats occurs when the body cannot properly regulate blood sugar levels — often linked to obesity or insulin resistance. Signs include increased thirst, frequent urination, and weight loss despite eating well.

How to Prevent It:

Maintain a healthy body weight through balanced meals and regular play.
Observe your cat for any unusual thirst or appetite changes.
Get immediate veterinary advice if diabetes symptoms appear.

8. Accidental Poisoning

Cats are naturally curious and often explore with their mouths — which can lead to accidental poisoning. Household cleaners, medications, and even certain plants can be lethal. Lilies, for example, are highly toxic and can cause acute kidney failure in cats from just a small amount of pollen or leaf contact.

How to Prevent It:

Keep all toxic items and plants out of reach.
Learn which foods (like onions, chocolate, and grapes) are unsafe for cats.
Contact your vet immediately if you suspect ingestion of a harmful substance.

Final Thoughts

Cats enrich our lives with love and companionship, but their health depends on our awareness and proactive care. By staying informed, maintaining regular vet visits, and adopting healthy daily routines, you can dramatically lower the risk of common feline illnesses.

As the saying goes:

“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.”

Your cat relies on you for protection, comfort, and care. Every preventive step you take not only safeguards their health — it also deepens the lifelong bond you share.